260-2017-01-20-anatomy-I
Rick Gilmore
Prelude
VIDEO
Prelude
VIDEO
Today's topics
Logistics for Monday and Wednesday
Wrap up on functional methods
Neuroanatomy
Next week's logistics
Mon, January 23
Wed, January 25
Wrap-up on functional methods
Which of the following methods has temporal resolution on the order of seconds?
A. functional MRI
B. EEG
C. MEG
D. single-unit recording
Which of the following methods has temporal resolution on the order of seconds?
A. functional MRI B. EEG
C. MEG
D. single-unit recording
Which of the following methods has high/fine spatial resolution?
A. functional MRI
B. PET
C. EEG
D. Optogenetic stimulation
Which of the following methods has high/fine spatial resolution?
A. functional MRI
B. PET
C. EEG
D. Optogenetic stimulation
Evaluating stimulation methods
Spatial/temporal resolution?
Assume stimulation mimics natural activity?
Optogenetic stimulation highly similar, others less so
Deep brain stimulation as therapy
Parkinson’s Disease
Depression
Epilepsy
VIDEO
Effects of DBS for Parkinson's.
Simulating the brain
Computer/mathematical models of brain function
Example: neural networks
Cheap, noninvasive, can be stimulated or “lesioned”
Convolutional neural network.
Spatial and Temporal Resolution
[(Sejnowski, Churchland, and Movshon 2014)](http://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3839)
Neuroanatomy
Brain anatomy through dance
Finding our way around
Anterior/Posterior
Superior/Inferior
Dorsal/Ventral
Rostral/Caudal
Directional image
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Blausen_0019_AnatomicalDirectionalReferences.png/800px-Blausen_0019_AnatomicalDirectionalReferences.png
Bipeds vs. quadripeds
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1303_Human_Neuroaxis.jpg/800px-1303_Human_Neuroaxis.jpg
No matter how you slice it
Horizontal/Axial
Coronal/Transverse/Frontal
Sagittal (from the side)
Slice diagram
http://www.scienceteacherprogram.org/biology/chillemistudentguide1-06/brain_directions_planes_sections__directions_-_small.gif
Supporting structures
Meninges
Ventricular system
Blood supply
Meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid membrane
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Meninges
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Meninges-en.svg/1280px-Meninges-en.svg.png
Ventricular system
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Blausen_0896_Ventricles_Brain.png
Ventricles
Lateral (1st & 2nd)
3rd
Cerebral aqueduct
4th
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Clears metabolites during sleep (Xie et al. 2013).
Blood Supply
http://surgery.med.miami.edu/images/Circulation_of_brain.gif
Blood Supply
Arteries
Blood/brain barrier
Cells forming blood vessel walls tightly packed
Active transport of molecules typically required
Blood/brain barrier
http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v7/n1/images/nrn1824-f3.jpg
Area Postrema
Brainstem, blood-brain barrier thin
Area Postrema
http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v9/n10/images/nrendo.2013.136-f2.jpg
Organization of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Spinal Cord
Everything encased in bone
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Organization of the brain
Forebrain
Lateral
Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Hippocampus, amygdala
Third
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Cerebral Aqueduct
Mesencephalon
Tectum, tegmentum
Organization of the brain
Hindbrain
4th
Metencephalon
Cerebellum, pons
--
Mylencephalon
Medulla oblongata
Structures adjacent to 4th ventricle
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/1311_Brain_Stem.jpg
Medulla
Cardiovascular regulation
Muscle tone
Fibers of passage
Cranial nerves VI-XII
“Little brain”
Dorsal to pons
Movement coordination, simple learning
Pons
Bulge on brain stem
Neuromodulatory nuclei
Relay to cerebellum
Cranial nerve V
Midbrain
http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/the-brain-stem-mid-brain-left-lateral-view-superior-colliculus-inferior-cerebellar-peduncle.jpg
Midbrain components
Tectum
Tegmentum
Tectum
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Gray719.png
Tectum
Tectum -> "roof"
Superior and inferior colliculus
Reflexive orienting of eyes, head, ears
Tegmentum
Tegmentum -> "floor"
Species-typical movement sequences
Cranial nerves III, IV
Neuromodulatory nuclei
Dopamine (DA)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Serotonin (5-HT)
Forebrain
http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/252/flashcards/1048252/png/forebrain1328987872235.png
Forebrain Components
Diencephalon
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/1310_Diencephalon.jpg
Diencephalon Components
Thalamus
http://neurobiologychapter3.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/8/1418733/5118342.jpg?401x231
Thalamus functions
Input to cortex
Functionally distinct nuclei (collection of neurons)
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), vision
Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), audition
Hypothalamus
Four Fs: fighting, fleeing, feeding, and reproduction
Controls pituitary gland (“master” gland)
Anterior (indirect release of hormones)
Posterior (direct release of hormones)
Hypothalamus
http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/tortora/0470565101/hearthis_ill/pap13e_ch14_illustr_audio_mp3_am/simulations/figures/hypothalamus.jpg
Next time...
SLEIC or neuroanatomy lab
References
Sejnowski, Terrence J, Patricia S Churchland, and J Anthony Movshon. 2014. “Putting Big Data to Good Use in Neuroscience.” Nature Neuroscience 17 (11). Nature Publishing Group: 1440–1. doi:[10.1038/nn.3839](https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3839) .
Xie, Lulu, Hongyi Kang, Qiwu Xu, Michael J Chen, Yonghong Liao, Meenakshisundaram Thiyagarajan, John O’Donnell, et al. 2013. “Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain.” Science 342 (6156). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 373–77. doi:[10.1126/science.1241224](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241224) .
